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Apprezziamo eccellente scrittura accademica e si sforzano di fornire servizi di scrittura eccezionale saggio ciascuno e ogni volta che si effettua un ordine. Scriviamo saggi, articoli di ricerca, tesine, opere corso, recensioni, tesi e di più, così la nostra missione principale è quello di aiutare ad avere successo accademico. La maggior parte di tutti, siamo orgogliosi del nostro team dedicato, che ha sia la creatività e la comprensione delle esigenze dei nostri clienti. I nostri scrittori seguono sempre le vostre istruzioni e portare nuove idee al tavolo, che rimane una parte enorme del successo nel scrivere un saggio. Garantiamo l'autenticità della carta, se la sua un saggio o di una tesi. Inoltre, possiamo garantire la riservatezza dei propri dati personali, quindi la possibilità che qualcuno scoprire la nostra collaborazione è sottile a nessuno. Noi non condividiamo le tue informazioni a nessuno. Quando si tratta di saggistica, una ricerca approfondita è un grosso problema. I nostri scrittori esperti sono professionali in molti campi del sapere in modo che possano aiutare con praticamente qualsiasi compito accademico. Consegniamo carte di diverse tipologie: saggi, tesi, recensioni di libri, casi di studio, ecc Nel delegare il lavoro ad uno dei nostri scrittori, si può essere certi che ci sarà: Usa il tuo stile di scrittura seguire il vostro linee guida fare tutte le correzioni necessarie ogni volta il suo necessario soddisfare anche le scadenze più severe vi forniamo una pagina titolo gratuito e la bibliografia. Abbiamo migliaia di clienti soddisfatti che ci hanno già consigliato ai loro amici. Perché non seguire il loro esempio e inserire il vostro ordine oggi scegliere i nostri professionisti per completare le attività di scrittura Se il termine è proprio dietro l'angolo e si dispone di tonnellate di corsi accumulano, contattateci e vi faciliterà il vostro fardello accademico. Siamo pronti a sviluppare documenti unici in base alle proprie esigenze, non importa quanto rigorosa che sono. I nostri esperti creano scrivendo capolavori che guadagnano i nostri clienti non solo i gradi elevati, ma anche una solida reputazione da professori esigenti. Non sprecare il tuo tempo e ordinare il nostro servizio di saggio di scrittura di oggi I nostri scrittori laureate e gradi e maestri hanno una notevole esperienza in diversi fields. Slideshare utilizza i cookie per migliorare la funzionalità e le prestazioni, e per fornire voi con la pubblicità in questione. Se si continua la navigazione nel sito, l'utente accetta l'utilizzo dei cookie su questo sito. Vedi le Condizioni d'uso e sulla privacy. Slideshare utilizza i cookie per migliorare la funzionalità e le prestazioni, e per fornire voi con la pubblicità in questione. Se si continua la navigazione nel sito, l'utente accetta l'utilizzo dei cookie su questo sito. Vedi le Condizioni d'uso per i dettagli sulla privacy e. Vedi tuoi argomenti preferiti in app SlideShare Scarica l'applicazione SlideShare di Offerta ricordare anche offline Continuare a sito mobile Carica Accesso Registrazione Doppio tap per diminuire Progettazione di 8 BIT aritmetica e Logical Unit e l'attuazione su Xilinx Vertex 4 FPGA Condividi questo SlideShare LinkedIn Corporation copia 2017New Product Development Glossario Automotive Industry Action Group è costituito dai produttori di auto Big 3 che hanno collaborato per sviluppare standard, come QS-9000 e APQP (vedi avanzata Product Quality Planning). Applicazione Interpretato Model (STEP) 8211 Il modello che descrive l'interpretazione dei costrutti STEP integrata delle risorse che forniscono equivalenza funzionale alle esigenze di informazione AP8217s come specificato nel modello di riferimento dell'applicazione. Richiesto documentazione le informazioni per la AIM comprende la descrizione delle entità di quel modello di informazioni e una sintesi della logica con la quale lo schema risultante è stato derivato dal modello di riferimento dell'applicazione. test per l'utente di un nuovo prodotto in-house (rispetto al beta testing bu clienti o utenti reali o potenziali in campo). Il test può essere in un ambiente di laboratorio, una zona test utente o anche nel campo dal personale dell'azienda. requisiti allocati sono requisiti che in misura del tutto o in parte le prestazioni e la funzionalità di un requisito di livello superiore un elemento di livello inferiore di un sistema. Analisi di analisi della varianza della varianza è una tecnica statistica di base per l'analisi dei dati sperimentali. Si suddivide la variazione totale di un insieme di dati in parti componenti significativi associati a specifiche fonti di variazione per testare una ipotesi sui parametri di un modello o di stimare componenti della varianza. Accelerated processo di vita test analitici Gerarchia strumento decisionale per problemi complessi, multi-criteri cui devono essere inseriti sia gli aspetti qualitativi e quantitativi di un problema. AHP raggruppa gli elementi di decisione in base alle loro caratteristiche comuni in una struttura gerarchica simile a un albero genealogico. Si tratta di costruire una gerarchia (Classifica) di elementi decisionali e quindi fare paragoni tra ogni possibile coppia in ogni cluster (come matrice). Questo dà una ponderazione per ogni elemento all'interno di un cluster (o livello della gerarchia) e un rapporto di consistenza (utile per controllare la coerenza dei dati). Riducendo decisioni complesse ad una serie di confronti e classifiche semplici, poi sintetizzare i risultati, AHP aiuta arrivare alla decisione migliore e fornisce anche una chiara motivazione per la scelta fatta. Il modello di processo analitico gerarchia è stato progettato da TL Saaty come un aiuto di processo decisionale. vedi analisi della varianza American National Standards Institute anticipatoria Fallimento Determinazione anticipatoria mancata determinazione (AFD) è un metodo di analisi dei guasti. Come FMEA, ha l'obiettivo di individuare e mitigare i guasti. Piuttosto che chiedere agli sviluppatori per cercare una causa di una modalità di guasto, si inverte il problema chiedendo agli sviluppatori di vedere il fallimento di interesse come conseguenza voluta e cercare di escogitare il modo per assicurare che il guasto avviene sempre in modo affidabile. Questo punto di vista quindi facilita una migliore identificazione passi per evitare il fallimento. Automatizzati di ispezione ottica di applicazione protocolli (STEP) 8211 Questi specificano costrutti di dati STEP implementabili per comunicare le informazioni in un contesto di applicazione definito. Esso definisce il contesto per l'uso dei dati di prodotto e specifica l'uso dello standard di base in tale contesto, per soddisfare un bisogno industriale. AP8217s sono parti della serie 200 dello standard STEP. 1. Application Protocol Interface 2. Application Programming Interface 8211 il set standard di funzioni fornite da un sistema di programma o operativo per consentire l'integrazione di altri software. Due programmi legati tramite un API possono essere entrambi modificati e ancora lavorare insieme, purché sia ​​conforme alle API. L'assegnazione di obiettivi quali affidabilità da sistema a Sottosistema in modo tale che l'intero sistema di raggiungere l'obiettivo richiesto. Vedere Pianificare Advance prodotto di qualità Pianificazione See Advance Qualità Il design e l'interconnessione delle principali componenti di un sistema hardwaresoftware. Il quadro e interrelazioni di elementi di un sistema. Principi di architettura sono dichiarazioni di direzione architettonica preferito o la pratica. Ogni principio dovrebbe essere indicato in modo tale che si saprà se l'architettura ha le caratteristiche espresse dal principio. Principi devono essere razionalizzate, affermando il principio per cui è preferibile. acronimo russo per l'algoritmo di inventiva Problem Solving (vedi teoria di inventiva Problem Solving) Un modello di informazioni che descrivono formalmente i requisiti di informazione e vincoli per una superficie di applicazione Application Reference Model (STEP) 8211. Il modello di informazioni utilizza una terminologia specifica per l'applicazione e regole familiare a un esperto del campo di applicazione. Il modello è indipendente da qualsiasi implementazione fisica e deve essere convalidata da esperti del campo di applicazione. Dopo ricezione dell'ordine 8211 di solito una misura delle giorni, settimane o mesi fino a quando un prodotto può essere progettato e consegnato. AS9100 è uno standard di gestione della qualità per l'industria aerospaziale pubblicato dalla Society of Automotive Engineers pubblicato anche da altre organizzazioni in tutto il mondo, come EN9100 in Europa e JIS Q 9100 in Giappone. Lo standard è controllata dal Gruppo International Aerospace Quality. Application Specific Integrated Circuit 8211 un chip semi-custom usato in un'applicazione specifica che è disegno integrando celle standard da una libreria. Causa assegnabili è una fonte di variazione che non è casuale e, quindi, può essere identificato ed eliminato. Una causa assegnabile è spesso segnalata da un eccessivo numero di punti di dati di fuori di un limite di controllo eo un pattern non casuale entro i limiti di controllo. Chiamato anche cause8221 8220special. Un collegamento tra due diverse funzioni in un sistema CAD che assicura una modifica effettuata in un settore si riflette in tutte le altre aree. Ad esempio, una modifica a un modello solido si riflette nel suo disegno e relativo programma CAM. associatività bidirezionale indica che gli aggiornamenti avvengono in entrambe le direzioni tra le funzioni. Ad esempio, una modifica di un disegno viene riflesso nel suo modello di solidi. Per applicazioni specifiche standard Parte 8211 un chip che è originariamente concepito come un ASIC e viene poi rilasciato per uso generale. American Society for Testing and Materials asincrono Groupware è un software utilizzato per aiutare le persone a lavorare in gruppo, ma che non richiedono queste persone di lavorare insieme allo stesso tempo (asincrono non coordinare in un unico punto nel tempo). vedi Automated Test Equipment automatico Automated Test Equipment Attrezzatura di prova Automated Test Equipment (ATE), costruito per effettuare un test o una sequenza di test. gamme ATE da semplici dispositivi per verificare la continuità meccanica o elettrica a sofisticati sistemi computerizzati con sequenza automatica, l'elaborazione dei dati, e la lettura. ATE può essere stare unità di prova da solo o può essere integrato nel equipaggiamenti operativi. Test Pattern automatico Generazione automatica Test Pattern Generation è il processo che utilizza elenchi di guasti e un modello di circuito per analizzare la natura logica e attuale del circuito al fine di creare vettori di test per ogni errore e, quindi, produrre un alto guasto modello di prova - copertura per un disegno. La metrica prodotto che definisce la percentuale di tempo in cui un prodotto è disponibile e operativa per uso del cliente. È la percentuale di tempo totale che un apparecchio è in grado di svolgere le sue funzioni specificate, normalmente espresse in percentuale. Può essere calcolato dividendo l'apparecchiatura ore disponibili per il numero totale di ore in un dato periodo. Axiomatic design riconosce quattro domini. Le esigenze del cliente sono identificati nel dominio del cliente e sono espressi in forma di funzionalità richieste di un prodotto in dominio funzionale. parametri di progettazione che soddisfano i requisiti funzionali sono definiti nel dominio fisico, e, nel dominio processo, le variabili di produzione definiscono come il prodotto sarà prodotto. alternative Solution vengono creati mappando i requisiti specificati in un dominio a un insieme di parametri caratteristici in un dominio adiacente. La mappatura tra i domini dei clienti e funzionali è definito come concetto di design la mappatura tra i domini funzionali e fisiche è la progettazione del prodotto la mappatura tra i domini fisici e di processo corrisponde a processo di progettazione. L'uscita di ogni dominio si evolve dai concetti astratti a informazioni dettagliate in un top-down o modo gerarchico. Due assiomi di progetto forniscono una base razionale per la valutazione delle alternative di soluzioni proposte e la successiva selezione delle migliori alternative. Il primo assioma è l'assioma indipendente e si afferma che un buon design mantiene l'indipendenza dei requisiti funzionali. Il secondo assioma è l'assioma informazioni e stabilisce contenuto informativo come una misura relativa per la valutazione e il confronto soluzioni alternative che soddisfano l'assioma di indipendenza. Una tecnica di misurazione della performance globale che considera quattro aree di prestazioni in modo equilibrato: 1) punto di vista del cliente 8211 come i clienti ci vedono, 2) punto di vista interno 8211 quello che dobbiamo eccellere, 3) l'apprendimento innovazione amp 8211 come continuiamo a migliorare e creare valore, 4) prospettive finanziarie 8211 come soddisfare le esigenze degli azionisti. Vasca curva rappresenta il tasso di guasto dei componenti durante la vita del prodotto. La sua inclinazione verso l'alto all'inizio e alla fine suggerisce che la maggior parte dei componenti sicuro sia subito (all'inizio della vita del prodotto) o verso la fine della vita del prodotto atteso. Binary Cutter lingua. Computer-interpretabile lingua utilizzata per il controllo delle macchine utensili. vedi Break Even dopo il rilascio Behavioral Modeling definisce un prodotto in termini di comportamenti richiesti, piuttosto che le relazioni tra elementi di geometria per i prodotti meccanici o le relazioni tra i componenti, cancelli e registri per i prodotti elettronici. Ad esempio, l'uso di un linguaggio di descrizione hardware (vedere Hardware Description Language) è un mezzo per descrivere un modello comportamentale per un prodotto elettronico. La Mappa La fede è un metodo per rappresentare graficamente i livelli relativi di conoscenza e di fiducia. Si tratta di un terreno con asse orizzontale rappresenta la conoscenza evaluator8217s di, per esempio, un concetto alternative8217s capacità di soddisfare requisiti specificati. L'asse verticale rappresenterebbe la fiducia nella capacità evaluator8217s concept8217s per soddisfare tali esigenze. Un processo di miglioramento in cui un'azienda misura la performance dei propri prodotti o processi contro quello dei prodotti best-in-class o aziende, determina come il prodotto o azienda ha raggiunto il livello di prestazioni, e utilizza le informazioni per migliorare le proprie performance. Best Practice è un metodo superiore o una pratica innovativa che contribuisce a migliorare le prestazioni di un'organizzazione, di solito riconosciuto come 8220best8221 da altre organizzazioni pari. Beta Testing è il testando una versione quasi rifinito di un pezzo di software o hardware, con l'obiettivo di trovare difetti perse dagli sviluppatori. Genarally fase di beta testing è effettuata da persone al di fuori dell'organizzazione sviluppatori, come clienti o utenti reali o potenziali. Polinomiale utilizzata per descrivere curve complesse e superfici. Ball Grid Array 8211 una tecnologia elettronica imballaggio in cui sfere di saldatura sono montate alla parte inferiore del pacchetto in una disposizione a griglia e sono scorreva di attacco al PCB8217s. Bill of Material una distinta base (BOM) è un elenco gerarchico di sottogruppi, componenti Andor materie prime che compongono un componente di livello superiore, il montaggio, prodotto o sistema. Un engineering BOM rappresenta la struttura dell'assieme implicito dalle parti elencate su disegni e disegno struttura ad albero. Una distinta base di produzione rappresenta il gruppo di build-up il modo in cui un prodotto è fabbricato. Una tecnica di creatività in cui un gruppo di gente pensa di idee relative a un particolare argomento, che elenca quante più idee possibili possibili prima di eseguire qualsiasi valutazione critica delle idee. Un nome, termine, disegno, simbolo, o qualsiasi altra caratteristica che identifica uno seller8217s bene o servizio, distinto da quelli degli altri venditori. Il termine legale per il marchio è un marchio registrato. Un marchio può identificare un oggetto, una famiglia di elementi, o tutti gli elementi di quel venditore. Break Even Dopo la pausa di uscita Anche dopo il rilascio 8211 un parametro che misura il tempo dopo il rilascio di un prodotto per la produzione o la vendita fino a quando equilibrio finanziario, il prodotto ha raggiunto considerando l'investimento in sviluppo e altri oneri non ricorrenti. Break Even Tempo 8211 un parametro che misura il tempo dall'inizio dello sviluppo attraverso la produzione e la vendita fino a quando il prodotto ha raggiunto equilibrio finanziario, considerando l'investimento in sviluppo e altri oneri non ricorrenti. Boundary Rappresentazione 8211 approccio solidi di modellazione basata su rappresentare superfici esterne che definiscono un solido (al contrario di geometria solida costruttiva). Un metodo di interpolazione matematico per descrivere curve complesse e superfici Built-in-Self-Test 8211 una funzione di test automatico in cui i programmi del modello molti test sono costruiti direttamente nel circuito generale per Gono-go collaudo del montaggio o circuito con analisi delle firme. Business Case si riferisce ai risultati di mercato, analisi tecniche e finanziarie utilizzate per giustificare la fattibilità di un nuovo prodotto. Idealmente definito poco prima della 8220go a development8221 decisione (gate), il caso definisce il prodotto e di progetto, tra cui la giustificazione del progetto e il piano d'azione o per affari. Business Process Reengineering Business Process Reengineering (BPR) è l'analisi e riprogettazione dei flussi di lavoro all'interno e tra le imprese. Gli autori Michael Hammer e James Champy promosso l'idea del BPR come la riprogettazione radicale e la riorganizzazione di un'impresa per ridurre i costi e aumentare la qualità del servizio. Hanno suggerito sette principi di reingegnerizzazione per semplificare il processo di lavoro e, quindi, raggiungere livelli significativi di miglioramento della qualità, gestione del tempo, e il costo: 1) organizzare intorno risultati, non compiti 2) di identificare tutti i processi in un'organizzazione e la loro priorità in ordine di riprogettare urgency3) integrare le informazioni lavoro di elaborazione nel vero lavoro che produce il informazioni4) risorse geograficamente distribuiti come se fossero centralizzate 5) collegamento attività parallele nel flusso di lavoro invece di integrare il loro results6) ha messo il punto di decisione in cui viene eseguito il lavoro, e costruire il controllo nel processo di and7) acquisire le informazioni una sola volta e alla fonte. vedere Computer-Aided Design CAD quadro Iniziativa Iniziativa CAD quadro 8211 uno standard per facilitare l'integrazione di mezzi elettronici di automazione di progettazione strumenti (EDA) Questo consente a un'organizzazione di selezionare 8220best di strumenti class8221 senza preoccuparsi di problemi di integrazione. Gli standard CFI Cover Design Rappresentazione Programming Interface, il Intertool comunicazione Programming Interface, la specifica Strumenti Encapsulation, dell'Ambiente Servizi Informatica. vedi computer-aided engineering vedi team interfunzionale Change Management è un approccio sistematico per affrontare i cambiamenti, sia dal punto di vista di una organizzazione che a livello individuale. La gestione del cambiamento ha almeno tre diversi aspetti, tra cui: l'adattamento al cambiamento, controllo dei cambiamenti, e realizzare il cambiamento. Un approccio proattivo per affrontare i cambiamenti è al centro di tutti e tre gli aspetti. Per un'organizzazione, gestione del cambiamento significa definire e procedure di implementazione di tecnologie eo per affrontare i cambiamenti del contesto economico e di trarre profitto dalle opportunità che cambiano. Carta è un impegno scritto approvato dal management indicazione della sua entità di autorità per un progetto di sviluppo o di team di prodotto integrato. Il processo di immissione o di ritorno di un nuovo o modificato informazioni sul prodotto sotto controllo all'interno di un sistema PDMPIM. Se si crea una revisione, questa procedura di solito avvia un processo reviewapproval sotto il controllo del sistema PDMPIM. Il processo di accesso gestito informazioni di definizione del prodotto in procedure controllate. L'accesso può essere per la visualizzazione, di riferimento, per l'uso in un'altra applicazione o attività, o per fare una modifica delle informazioni. Il sistema impedisce che più PDMPIM, attività di modifica simultanee per garantire l'integrità informazioni sul prodotto. Chip-on-Board è una tecnologia di packaging componente in cui i circuiti integrati nudi sono attaccati direttamente al substrato ed interconnessi mediante fili microscopici. 1. Miglioramento continuo 2. vedere Configurazione Classificazione: L'articolo è l'assegnazione di attributi e altri che definiscono meta-dati a oggetti gestiti e le informazioni all'interno di un sistema PDM. Questa meta-dati vengono poi utilizzati per la ricerca di dati con caratteristiche simili. Clinical Trial sta testando un sistema in ambito clinico che è, in un ospedale, clinica, ufficio doctor8217s, ecc test utente e test funzione in un ambiente del genere ha dei limiti particolari, soprattutto a causa del potenziale per effetti inattesi sulla cura del paziente. test d'uso in ambito clinico spesso richiede revisione da parte di un comitato etico per garantire che la privacy del paziente non è compromessa e che nessun danno verrà a pazienti a seguito di test. Come con test anti-droga, non può essere opportuno rimuovere una funzione da un sistema per il gusto di test se sembra che la funzione sta beneficiando direttamente la cura del paziente. Nube di punti un insieme di x-y-z coordinate ottenute da uno scanner 3D o digitalizzatore. I dati possono essere interpretati come una superficie continua e utilizzati in un modello 3D. Questo è spesso usato per il reverse engineering. Computer Numerical Control non può duplicare (fallimenti). Conosciuto anche come 8220No Problemi Found8221 (NTF). Questo è il risultato di testare una parte o modulo ottenuto da rilavorazione o servizio di un prodotto. Modellazione cognitiva produce un modello computazionale per come persone svolgono compiti e risolvere problemi, sulla base di principi psicologici. Questi modelli possono essere contorni dei compiti scritti sui programmi cartacei o informatici che ci permettono di prevedere il tempo necessario per le persone a svolgere compiti, i tipi di errori che fanno, le decisioni che prendono, o quali pulsanti e voci di menu che hanno scelto. Tali modelli possono essere utilizzati per determinare i modi per migliorare l'interfaccia utente in modo che un compito person8217s ha un minor numero di errori o richiede meno tempo e per costruire nell'interfaccia utente per rendere il software che reagisce in modo più efficace per aiutare le persone utilizzano il sistema anticipando il loro comportamento. procedure dettagliate cognitivi implicano lo sviluppo di scenari di attività da un disciplinare di produzione. Gli esperti poi ruolo-play da parte di un utente che lavora attraverso una serie di attività. Ogni fase del processo user8217s viene valutato per adesione ai principi di usabilità stabiliti. 1. Lavorando insieme, cooperando 2. Un processo di massimizzare sia un comportamento cooperativo e deciso di soddisfare due parti in conflitto tra loro. Commercio prodotto Collaborative Aberdeen Group definisce prodotto Collaborative Commerce (CPC) di classe 8230a di software e servizi che utilizza tecnologie Internet per consentire ai singoli 8211, non importa quale ruolo hanno nella commercializzazione di un prodotto, non importa quali strumenti basati su computer che usano , indipendentemente da dove si trovano geograficamente o all'interno della rete di alimentazione 8211 per lo sviluppo collaborativo, costruire e gestire i prodotti durante l'intero ciclo di vita. Utilizzando un browser standard, un utente autorizzato CPC può rivedere le informazioni da un prolungato Enterprise View sistema informativo che opera attraverso una serie dispersa di risorse di sviluppo prodotto eterogenei. Queste risorse tipicamente risiedono in più repository di informazione e sono ricavate da sistemi implementati in modo indipendente e mantenuti. La pratica di localizzare fisicamente multi-funzione i membri del team di prodotto integrati in vicinanza l'uno all'altro per migliorare la comunicazione, il coordinamento e il processo decisionale su un progetto di sviluppo. collocazione virtuale si riferisce all'uso della tecnologia per raggiungere alcuni dei vantaggi di comunicazione per i membri del team che sono geograficamente disperse. Common Cause è una variante che è inerente al processo e non può essere facilmente identificato e controllato. Metodi e attività per trasformare disaggregate informazioni concorrente pubblico in conoscenza rilevante e strategico sui concorrenti posizione, dimensione, gli sforzi e le tendenze. Il termine si riferisce alla vasta pratica di raccolta, analisi e comunicare le migliori informazioni disponibili sulle tendenze della concorrenza che si verificano quelle esterne propria azienda. L'applicazione di know-how ingegneristico ai processi di selezione dei componenti, l'applicazione, la compatibilità dei processi e di approvvigionamento, compresa l'analisi dei nuovi trend in dispositivi elettronici. Componente fornitore di componenti di gestione Supplier Management (CSM) è una classe di applicazioni software che mantengono informazioni su componenti standard, sia acquistato e fatto, per supportare varie discipline funzionali quali la progettazione, l'approvvigionamento, i materiali, la gestione della configurazione, e la produzione. Questo sistema serve come un repository centrale per componenti e le informazioni dei fornitori per massimizzare la standardizzazione, il recupero di progettazione e il riutilizzo, e l'efficienza di approvvigionamento. sistemi CSM contengono quattro elementi principali, classificazione parte e recupero, librerie di componenti, componente Web di catalogazione e gestione dei processi componentsupplier. Computational Fluid Dynamics Computational Fluid Dynamics è l'analisi numerica di liquidi e gas di flusso, il trasferimento di calore, e fenomeni correlati. risolutori CFD contengono un insieme complesso di algoritmi utilizzati per la modellazione e la simulazione del flusso di fluidi, gas, calore e correnti elettriche. Computer-Aided Design (CAD) è l'uso di un computer per facilitare la creazione e la modifica di un disegno, più comunemente, disegni con un contenuto di ingegneria pesante. Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) è l'uso del computer nella progettazione, l'analisi e la produzione di un prodotto, processo, o di un progetto. A volte si riferisce più restrittivo per l'uso del computer solo nella fase di analisi. Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) è l'uso della descrizione del computer della parte o assieme a guidare la pianificazione, il taglio, la formazione, il montaggio e l'ispezione della voce tramite applicazioni informatiche. Computer-Aided processo di pianificazione utilizza i dati delle parti e le regole di processo per generare piani di processo o istruzioni di lavoro. Variante CAPP si basa sulla tecnologia gruppo di classificazione di parti e lavorazioni di parti per la ricerca di un piano predeterminato processo simile che più si avvicina la classificazione. Generativa CAPP utilizza una parte e funzione di classificazione con le regole e le conoscenze sui processi di produzione associati con le caratteristiche per generare un piano adeguato processo. Computer-Aided Software Engineering Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE) è l'applicazione di tecnologie informatiche per facilitare lo sviluppo di software. strumenti CASE di solito includono librerie di codice riutilizzabile (moduli di software che possono essere facilmente modificati per compiti specifici), strumenti di produttività dei programmatori, i generatori di applicazione, e le utility di test. strumenti CASE forniscono anche gestione dei requisiti, la progettazione del sistema e strutturato di analisi, simulazione del sistema, la gestione dei test, la generazione di documentazione, ecc software di configurazione Computer Configuration Item Software Prodotto (CSCI) è un componente software di un sistema, che è designato per la gestione della configurazione di garantire l'integrità di configurazione. Può esistere in qualsiasi livello della gerarchia in cui è richiesta intercambiabilità. Ogni CSCI è quello di avere (se del caso) le singole revisioni di progetto, qualificationcertification individuale, singole recensioni di accettazione, e manuali d'uso separate. Un'idea per un nuovo prodotto o sistema che è rappresentato in forma di una descrizione scritta, un disegno, schema a blocchi o modello semplice. Un concetto è la prima rappresentazione di un nuovo prodotto o di approcci alternativi alla progettazione di un nuovo prodotto. Un modello fisico o di rappresentanza destinati principalmente per la revisione del progetto, concettualizzazione del prodotto e il feedback dei clienti. Questo modello è di solito non sufficientemente accurati o di lunga durata per i test funzionali e fisico completo. Il processo attraverso il quale un concetto dichiarazione, disegno o modello è presentato ai clienti per le loro reazioni. Queste reazioni possono essere utilizzate sia per consentire allo sviluppatore di stimare il valore delle vendite del concetto o di apportare modifiche al concetto di migliorare il suo potenziale valore di vendita. L'architettura concettuale rappresenta una decomposizione appropriata del sistema senza approfondire i dettagli della specifica di interfaccia. L'architettura concettuale identifica i componenti del sistema o sottosistemi, le responsabilità di ogni componente o di un sottosistema, e le interconnessioni tra i componenti o sottosistemi. Il grado in cui fasi, fasi, o attività può essere sovrapposto o fatto in parallelo. Un approccio sistematico alla, progettazione simultanea integrata di prodotti e relativi processi, tra cui la produzione e il supporto. Questo approccio è destinato a provocare gli sviluppatori, fin dall'inizio, di prendere in considerazione tutti gli elementi del ciclo di vita del prodotto, dalla concezione fino disposizione, tra cui qualità, costi, orari e le esigenze degli utenti. Una raccolta di un item8217s caratteristiche descrittive e di governo, che può essere espressa in) punto di vista funzionale, vale a dire ciò che le prestazioni del prodotto si prevede di raggiungere, e b) termini fisici, vale a dire quello che la voce dovrebbe essere simile e sono costituiti da quando è completato . Elemento di configurazione (CI) è un hardware, software, o un elemento composito che ha una funzione definita, può essere a qualsiasi livello nella gerarchia del sistema, ed è indicata per la gestione della configurazione. Configuration Management (CM) è il processo di gestione una requisiti product8217s e documentazione di progetto, come si evolve e cambia nel suo ciclo di vita (dalla definizione dei requisiti attraverso la produzione, il funzionamento, il supporto e smaltimento) e assicurando che i prodotti ei processi risultanti sono conformi a questa documentazione. function8217s Configuration Management includono il mantenimento dello status configurazione di una segnalazione di documento, prodotto e di processo su questa configurazione controllare le modifiche a questa configurazione (vedi Engineering Change Control), e verificando che la configurazione risultante del prodotto o del processo corrisponde a quello previsto nella relativa documentazione sottostante . Il collaudo di un prodotto candidato per l'esistenza di caratteristiche specifiche richieste da uno standard per determinare la misura in cui il prodotto è conforme attuazione. Una metodologia per esplorare e descrivere vista dei clienti soggettive di funzionalità del prodotto. analisi congiunta evita domande dirette, ad esempio 8220what pensi del prezzo della nostra product8221 invece, il cliente è chiesto che cosa sono disposti a pagare per una particolare caratteristica del prodotto. Così, la situazione reale di acquisto con considerazione delle diverse alternative costi-benefici viene simulato. L'analisi spettacolo risultante direttamente il contributo di ogni caratteristica di prodotto per l'utilità totale del prodotto. analisi congiunta può essere usata per determinare in quale misura un product8217s percepite modifiche utilità se qualche particolare caratteristica di prodotto vengono modificati. Il consenso è una decisione di gruppo risultante da membri impegnati in discussione piena ed aperta e quindi raggiungere un accordo per vivere con e apertamente sostenere la decisione risultante. 1. Per quanto correlato al CAD, questi sono i valori in un modello geometrico che definiscono le relazioni tra entità come aerei, superfici, punti, linee, archi, centri, bordi, ecc vincoli vengono utilizzati per definire completamente un modello e di guidare o parametrica sistemi di geometria variazionale. Gli algoritmi utilizzati per lavorare con vincoli sono noti come gestione vincolo. 2. Limitazioni o confini che incidono complessivamente capacità, priorità e risorse. Contestuale analisi contestuale richiesta contestuale Analisi Inquiry contestuale è un metodo di valutazione campo strutturato che utilizza una combinazione di metodologie derivate da antropologia e giornalismo. Osservando e intervistando gli utenti dei prodotti nel loro ambiente reale e comprendere il contesto in cui viene utilizzato un prodotto, migliore comprensione è guadagnata nelle questioni che riguardano contestuale richiesta di analisi contestuale è un processo di scoperta che può aggiungere comprensione delle esigenze dei clienti. Una contingenza è l'assegnazione prevista di tempo, costi, budget o il margine di progettazione per gli elementi fortuito o di rischi con un progetto di sviluppo. Contingency Design è una forma di errore-proofing concentrandosi sull'esperienza user8217s con il prodotto. L'intento è quello di progettare nelle caratteristiche che aiutano l'utente evitare errori o consentire agli utenti di correggere rapidamente all'ingresso di dati o funzionamento del prodotto. Questo si realizza attraverso il layout e la progettazione grafica, il funzionamento intuitivo, istruzioni chiare, marcature e le avvertenze del caso, i messaggi di errore descrittive, evitare gergo tecnico, e semplici step operativi. Una visualizzazione grafica dei risultati di un processo nel tempo. Essi sono utilizzati per determinare se un processo è in controllo statistico o che necessitano di regolazione. Nel controllo statistico di processo (SPC), due linee orizzontali sono disegnate su una carta di controllo che indica il limite di controllo superiore (UCL) e il limite di controllo inferiore (LCL). Il campione-mezzi e va da un lotto di produzione devono essere all'interno di questi limiti. Se sono così, il processo si comporta normalmente e si dice che sia sotto controllo. Se qualsiasi punto si trova all'esterno uno dei limiti, ciò denota perdita di controllo 8211 deve essere interrotto il processo e il motivo trovato. I piani di controllo sono le descrizioni dei sistemi scritti per le parti di controllo, assemblaggi, prodotti e processi. Sono scritti per affrontare le importanti caratteristiche ei requisiti di ingegneria del prodotto. Ogni parte o assieme devono avere un Piano di Controllo, ma in molti casi, 8220family8221 piani di controllo possono coprire un numero di pezzi prodotti utilizzando un procedimento comune. vedi Participatory design di misura a coordinate macchina di misura a coordinate macchina (CMM) è un dispositivo che misura dimensionalmente prodotti 3-D, strumenti e componenti con una precisione avvicina 0,0001 in. E 'utilizzato sia per l'ispezione e reverse engineering. vedi costo della qualità competenze chiave sono le funzionalità essenziali che creano un vantaggio competitivo sostenibile firm8217s. Azione correttiva è un'azione intrapresa per eliminare le cause di una non conformità esistente o di altre situazioni indesiderabili, al fine di prevenire il ripetersi. Cost as an Independent Variable Cost as an Independent Variable (DoD initiative) 8211 an acquisition strategy of obtaining the best available productsystem within the constraints of available resources. Cost performance and schedule trades are made to achieve this balance with budget. Cost Benefit Ratio The ratio of the present value of benefits to the present value of costs. 1. Those elements of cost which significantly impact the productsystems cost. 2. Any factor that causes a change in the cost on an activity. An activity may have multiple cost drivers associated with it. Cost Estimating Relationship Cost Estimating Relationship is an equation that defines the relationship of an independent variable or product parameter (e. g. product weight, speed, etc.) to its related cost or price. Cost estimating relationships are the basis of parametric cost estimating techniques. A Cost Model is an estimating tool consisting of one or more cost estimating relationships, estimating methodologies, or estimating techniques used to predict the cost of a system or one of its lower level elements. Cost of Quality All costs expended for appraisal costs, prevention costs, and both internal and external failure costs of activities and cost objects. A formal activity employed to rectify a cost target breach or to reduce the cost of an existing product or design. A cost reduction effort has a specific quantified objective and may affect schedule, performance or support to achieve this objective. A Cost Table is a multidimensional data base in which cost is captured for several levels of a number of attributes for either the parts or functions of a product. Cost tables are used to develop early estimates of the cost of a design based on product or part parameters or functions and different materials and manufacturing processes and methods. Cost tables have been primarily used by Japanese companies. Cp is a capability index that tells how well a system can meet two-sided specification limits, assuming that the average is centered on the target value. Cp is the ratio of the specification range to the process capability at plus or minus 3 sigma. see Collaborative Product Commerce Concurrent Product Development (Synonymous with concurrent engineering or integrated product development. See Integrated Product Development) Continuous Process Improvement Cpk is a capability index for a non-centered mean that tells how well a system can meet two-sided specification limits. Cpk is the ratio of the specification range to the process capability at plus or minus 3 sigma. Critical Path Method 8211 A method for determining the minimum project duration by identifying the critical path based on task interrelationships and duration. It assumes there is no wasted time for the activities that are on the critical path. Taking action to decrease the total project duration by analyzing a number of alternatives to determine how to get the maximum duration compression for the least cost. Often, it involves reducing the time it takes to complete an activity by adding resources. Creeping Elegance Featurism The tendency for designers to add more capability, functions and features to a product as it is being developed than were originally intended. These actions cause a product8217s cost to increase beyond the target, the schedule to slip and can detract from usability. Critical Chain Method is a project scheduling and management methodology developed by Eliyahu Goldratt based on concepts from the Theory of Constraints. With Critical Chain scheduling, uncertainty is primarily managed by (a) using average task duration estimates (b) scheduling backwards from the date a project is needed (to ensure work that needs to be done is done, and it is done only when needed) (c) placing aggregate buffers in the project plan to protect the entire project and the key tasks and (d) using buffer management to control the plan. The characteristics or specifications for a material, part, assembly or product that define those attributes that are essential to the proper fit or functioning of the item to satisfy the intended customer use or need. In a project network diagram, the critical path is the one with the longest duration. The critical path may change from time to time as activities are completed ahead of or behind schedule. (see CPM) A subset of drawingmodel parameters that are critical to function and have tolerances andor datums different from the standard tolerances or datum. As a result, these parameters will usually have tolerances and datums specifically defined on a drawing or in a model. In the absence of dimensional drawings, CTF dimensions are a means of communicating dimensions critical to success of the design, tolerance and other non-geometrical information. This approach is generally simpler than a complete fabrication drawing because of fewer dimensions. Critical to Quality Critical to Quality (CTQ) characteristics are the key measurable characteristics of a product, it8217s parts, or process whose performance standards or specification limits must be met in order to satisfy the customer. These characteristics should be validated with product testing and controlled in the manufacturing process. They align improvement or design efforts with customer requirements. Also see critical characteristics. Cross-Functional Team is a team consisting of representatives from marketing, engineering, manufacturing, finance. purchasing, test, quality, finance and any other required disciplines with responsibility for developing a product or product subsystem. This team is empowered to represent the functional disciplines and develop a product by addressing its life cycle requirements including its product and support. see Computer Software Configuration Item CostSchedule Control System is a performance measurement system that uses earned value techniques to breakdown a budget to cost variation into cost and schedule variation components Constructive Solids Geometry 8211 a solid modeling method using primitives to build more complex models and Boolean operations of add, difference, and intersection. Design for Maintainability is a set of principles and a methodology for analyzing product concepts or designs for characteristics and design features which reduce maintenance requirements and frequency, facilitate diagnosis, and minimize the time and effort to disassemble, repairreplace, and reassemble the product as part of the maintenance process. Design for Test is a set of principles for the design of the product to incorporate built-in test features provide test visibility to to modules, boards and parts undergoing test faciliate testing minimize test cycle time facilitate diagnosis of faults provide test access and minimize test connection effort. tdgt Design for Excellence 8211 designing to consider all relevant life cycle factors such as manufacturability, reliability, maintainability, testability, affordability, etc. The ability to uniquely identify any faults (or potential faults) in the behavior or operation of the product. Diagnosability would indicate not only what the fault was, but also what failed or caused the failure (e. g. module, component, line of code, etc.). Solids modeling capabilities that enable complete products to be built in electronic form. The mockups can be used to check for problems such as interference and clashes between components. Using digital mockups reduces the cost and time of development since physical models do not need to be built. Synonymous with digital pre-assembly, electronic mock-up, and assembly modeling. Cost that can be specifically identified or traced to an activity, cost object or final cost objective. Direct Digital Manufacturing The process of going directly from an electronic digital representation of a part or item to the final part or item via additive fabrication. See Additive Fabrication. Directed Evolution is an advanced TRIZ methodology used to create scenarios to support the planning and development of future generations of technical systems. Draft International Standards (International Standards Organization) Discontinuous innovation falls outside of existing markets or market segments, and when successful extends and redefines the market, exposing new possibilities. Discontinuous innovation is characterized by lateral or divergent thinking, by looking outside of defined boundaries, and by discovery of new knowledge related to both market need and technological capability. Discounted Cash Flow Discounted Cash Flow 8211 an analysis technique that determines the present value of a series of positive and negative cash flows using a specified discount factor representing the cost of capital. This can be used to compare investment alternatives such a new product development alternatives. Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve and Control 8211 a Six Sigma improvement methodology DMADV is a data driven quality strategy for designing products and processes that is an integral part of a Six Sigma quality initiative. It consists of five interconnected phases: define, measure, analyze, design and verify. Dimensional Measurement Interface Specification (ANSI standard) Electronic Design Automation Electronic Design Automation (EDA) consists of hardware and software tools to aid in the design and development of electronic products through design capture, simulation, synthesis, verification, analysis, and testing. Electronic Design Interchange Format An EIAANSI standard which defines the file format for communicating two-dimensional graphics and interconnection information that is used to describe the patterns for fabricating and manufacturing semiconductors and PCBPWB8217s. Electronic Manufacturing Services Electronic Manufacturing Services (EMS) refers to the industry that provides contract design, manufacturing, and related product support services on behalf of electronics OEMs, in which the design and brand name belongs to the OEM making electronic products or subassemblies to be sold under the OEM brand name. Often referred to as 8220Contract Manufacturing8221 or 8220Contract Electronics Manufacturing8221. Electronic Systems Design Automation Electronic Systems Design Automation (ESDA) is a set of graphical front-end tools that allow designers to use pictures rather than words to describe and analyze their creations. These tools can use HDL8217s as an interchange format rather than a design medium and allow for higher degrees of abstraction over traditional schematic capture or waveform display programs. Electronic Systems Level Electronic Systems Level is a higher level abstraction for the design of electronic products than RTL (see Register Transfer Level) which will improve design productivity with the design of ever larger and more complex electronic systems. This is the third generation in design methodologies and tools (gate-level, register transfer level, and electronic systems level). Key elements of ESL include behavioral synthesis, integration between the behavioral level and the architecture level, and hardwaresoftware codesign and coverification. 1. Early Manufacturing Involvement 2. Electro-Magnetic Interference Empathic Design is based on observation watching customersconsumers use products or services. But unlike focus groups, usability laboratories, and other contexts of traditional market research, this observation is conducted in the customer8217s own environment in the course of normal, everyday routines. This approach enables the researcher to observe and develop information on customer needs that will drive design that is not accessible through other observation-oriented research methods. see Electronic Manufacturing Services The process by which a device under development and its native software is prototyped before its manufacture. End-of-Life (EOL) is the term applied to products or components that are being retired from the market because of technology obsolescence or rapidly declining demand. A modification to a component, product configuration, or document from currently defined and approved status. Changes cause version or revision levels of affected items to be updated. Engineering Change Control is the process and procedures that manage how changes are proposed, reviewed, and approved and incorporated into a product and its associated data items. Change control is a part of an overall configuration management methodology and uses review and release processes to enforce compliance with company change policies. Engineering Change Notice Engineering Change Order Engineering Change Notice (ECN) Engineering Change Order (ECO) are formal documents notifying selected persons of proposed, pending, or accomplished changes. In a PDMPIM-managed environment, ECNs may be distributed by electronic mail. Enhanced Quality Function Deployment is a broader QFD framework that applies a system perspective recognizing the need to decompose more complex products into subsystems and assemblies with supporting deployment matrices and concept selection matrices. Enterprise Resource Planning Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) is an integrated computer applications to plan and support execution of business functions in the manufacturing enterprise. ERP relates to product development in the following ways. ERP applications will contain product structure data (bills of material) generated during development. Some ERP applications also provide some product data management functionality. Finally, ERP is the tool to help forecast new product demand and order and stock materials to support product launch. Environmental Stress Screening Environmental Stress Screening (ESS) is a process which applies specific kinds of environmental stresses to products on an accelerated basis, but within their design parameters and limits to cause latent and intermittent flaws to become detectable failures. Also see Highly Accelerated Stress Screening (HASS). Electronic Product Definition Estimate to Complete A qualitative method of researching customer needs based on studying the anthropology or culture of the user. This method involves spending time in the field observing customers and their environment to better understand their lifestyle or culture as a basis for understanding their needs for a new product. A deep understanding of your customer can lead to fundamental insights that impact product design, feature sets, product positioning, marketing communications, advertising execution, etc. Electronic Work Instruction The view that our effort will be greatest when we expect that we can perform the task at hand and that we expect to obtain rewards for our performance. Experience Curve (also known as a learning curve) is a mathematical model that relates the cost per unit (or labor time per unit) to the cumulative number of units produced in an exponentially decreasing manner. The information modeling language used to define the STEP standard (ISO 10303). An internet-based network that provides controlled access to outside parties. Also see Intranet. Extreme Programming (XP) is one of the more popular lightweight, or agile development methods. In general, XP structures the 8220four basic activities of software development 8230 coding, testing, listening, and designing.8221 XP structures coding based on the concepts of pair-programming and test-development. XP structures the testing activity by requiring automated tests that the team runs every day, several times a day. XP structures the listening activity through pair-programming and by requiring that the customer be part of the team and be on-site. Lastly, XP structures the designing activity by encouraging developers to use test-first development: define a test, then code until the test passes, then proceed to the next test. There is no big-design-up-front stage in an XP project. A deficiency, defect, nonperformance or nonconformance with specified requirements. An item of equipment has suffered a failure when it is no longer capable of fulfilling one or more of its intended functions. Note that an item does not need to be completely unable to function to have suffered a failure. Failure Analysis is a collection of techniques to determine the root cause of a component or process defect or failure. Failure in Time Failure in Time 8211 a reliability measure usually expressed in failures per 10 to the 9th power hours. A particular way in which failures occur, independent of the reason for failure. Failure Modes and Effects Analysis Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) is a procedure in which each potential failure mode in every sub-item of an item is analyzed to determine its effect on other sub-items and on the required function of the item. It is used to identify potential failure modes and their associated causesmechanisms, consider risks of these failure modes, and identify mitigating actions to reduce the probability or impact of the failure. Failure Modes, Effects and Criticality Analysis Failure Modes, Effects and Criticality Analysis is a procedure that is performed after a failure mode and effects analysis to classify each potential failure effect according to its severity and probability of occurrence. Failure Reporting and Corrective Action System Failure Reporting and Corrective Action System (FRACAS) is a closed-loop system to capture reports of failure from customers or service technicians in the field or from the factory, analyze these reports, detect trends or problems, and use this analysis to take corrective action in the design, component selection, supplier selection, manufacturing process, or operating manual of the product. Features of a FRACAS system include a database manager, tracking system for document controls, user definable reports which allow selection of data elements and sort options, and search functions. Factory Acceptance Testing Fault Tree Analysis Fault Tree Analysis is a top-down, hierarchical analysis of faults to identify the various fault mechanisms and their cause. It graphically describes the cause and effect relationships that result in major failures. The fault or major failure being analyzed is identified as the 8220top event.8221 All of the possible causes of the top event are identified in a tree using 8220or8221 nodes for independent causes and 8220and8221 nodes for multiple causes that must exist concurrently for a failure to occur. see Functional Configuration Audit A design for testability methodology that provides complete access to an integrated circuit. EDA tools can insert scan registers automatically during logic synthesis. An abstracted description of work that a product must perform to meet customer needs (for value analysis, sometimes stated in a noun-verb format, e. g. 8220transmit data8221) Functional Requirements capture the intended behavior of the system or product 8211 what the system will do. This behavior may be expressed as functions, tasks, or services the system or product is required to perform. Therefore, functional requirements do not include performance characteristics, operating conditions, use cases, and specifications. Functional Test is a test that identifies functional level faults in printed circuit board assemblies (PCBAs), including manufacturing related faults not identified by in-circuit tests (ICT), timing related failures, and faults internal to components. Functional test equipment operates at the same frequency the PCBA is designed for and may have the capability to margin temperature, voltage and frequency. Functional Worth is equal to the least expensive way to perform a given function. Synonymous with value analysis and value engineering. A methodology of focusing on those functions that are valuable to customers and delivering them at the lowest possible cost. Function Analysis System Technique is a value analysis or function analysis technique to describe a system or product as a series of logically related functions and associate those functions to costs. This technique identifies less important functions that may then be eliminated, thereby reducing costs. Functional Configuration Audit An engineering audit of a configuration item (CI) or system to verify that the performance test results of the item are in accordance with the performance specification of the item. See Design Validation and Validation. Function Cost Analysis Function Cost Analysis is an accounting allocation of cost and importance to product function. It is a tool used to support value engineering or value analysis to identify high cost functions to address. Function Point Analysis A top down software development estimating technique which was developed by A. J. Albrecht. It entails breaking a project down into 8216Function Points8217 which are classified by degrees of complexity. Factors are then applied from which time estimates may be developed. Fuzzy Front End The is the process for determining customer needs or market opportunities, generating ideas for new products, conducting necessary research on the needs, developing product concepts, and evaluating product concepts up to the point that a decision is made to proceed with development. This process is described as the fuzzy front end because it is the product concept is least defined or most fuzzy at this point. see General Availability Gantt Chart is a diagram used in project management, where the x axis is time and the y axis shows tasks to be performed to complete the project. Each task is displayed as a horizontal bar spanning the time period during which it is expected to take place. Arrows may be drawn from one task to another to indicate dependencies (when one task can8217t be begun until another is completed). The Gantt chart was developed by Charles Gantt in 1917. 1. A gate (or stage-gate) is a step where the merits and progress of the project are evaluated before further progress is allowed. A gate involves a review that often results in a 8220gono go8221 decision for the project. 2. Another name for a logic cell (see Cell), which is a functional group of transistors having physical attributes that support a specific semiconductor process technology. A metric for the size of an ASIC design, usually expressed in terms of the equivalent number of basic 2-input NAND gates used. A gate count can be roughly converted to a transistor count by multiplying by a factor of four. Gatekeepers are the members of management that conduct the stage-gate or phase-gate reviews that are part of a stage-gate process in new product development. The gatekeepers are usually members of a formal group known as Product Committee or similar name that are charged with portfolio management and pipeline management. Gauge Repeatability and Reproducibility Gauge Repeatability and Reproducibility (GRampR) is the evaluation of a gauging instrument8217s accuracy by determining whether the measurements taken with it are repeatable and reproducible. Repeatability is the variation in measurement obtained with one measurement instrument when used several times by an appraiser while measuring the identical characteristic on the same part. Reproducibility is the variation in the averages of the measurements made by the different appraisers using the same measuring instrument when measuring the identical characteristic on the same part. see Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing A product data exchange format standard for electronics manufacturing that characterizes, sorts and organizes data into intelligent schemes. This standard is represented in IPC-2511, Generic Requirements for Implementation of Product Manufacturing Description Data and Transfer Methodology. The point in the product life cycle when production has been ramped-up to sufficient volumes and when product issues have been resolved so that the product is made available to all interested customers. Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GDampT) 8211 ANSI-Y14.5 standard for showing the dimensioning and tolerancing on a drawing considering the functions or relationships of part features. GDampT depicts the geometric relationship of part features (instead of the Cartesian relationship), allowing the maximum tolerance which permits full function of the product. GovernmentIndustry Data Exchange Program (for electronic components) A failure which, on its own, does not become evident to the operator or user under normal circumstances. Hierarchical Design is a design methodology where portions of large designs are divided into manageable sections or sub-blocks that may be created, represented symbolically, designed, and then connected together when completed. This methodology allows different parts of the design to be worked on in parallel. Highly Accelerated Life Test Highly Accelerated Life Test (HALT) is a process developed to uncover design defects and weaknesses in electronic and mechanical assemblies using a vibration system combined with rapid high and low temperature changes. The purpose of HALT is to optimize product reliability by identifying the functional and destructive limits of a product. HALT addresses reliability issues at an early stage in product development. Highly Accelerated Stress Screening Highly Accelerated Stress Screening (HASS) is a technique for production screening that rapidly exposes process or production flaws in products. Its purpose is to expose a product to optimized production screens without affecting product reliability. Unlike HALT, HASS uses nondestructive stresses of extreme temperatures and temperature change rates with vibration. Harmonization of Product Data Standards 8211 An organization sponsored by ANSI to oversee and coordinate the harmonization of electricalelectronic data standards. Hyper-Text Mark-up Language 8211 the mark-up language used as the basis for the world-wide web. Human Factors refers to the characteristics of human beings that are applicable to the design of systems and devices of all kinds. It furthers serious consideration of knowledge about the assignment of appropriate functions for humans and machines, whether people serve as operators, maintainers, or users in the system. And, it advocates systematic use of such knowledge to achieve compatibility in the design of interactive systems of people, machines, and environments to ensure their effectiveness, safety, and ease of performance. The minimum return on investment or internal rate of return percentage a new product must meet or exceed for it to be approved for investment with development. International Standards Organization is a specialized international agency for standardization composed of the national standards bodies of 91 countries. ISO 9000 is a set of international standards on quality management and quality assurance developed to help companies effectively document the quality system elements to be implemented to maintain an efficient quality system. The standards, initially published in 1987, are not specific to any particular industry, product or service. tdgt An ISO technical standard for product data representation and exchange commonly referred to as STEP or the Standard for the Exchange of Product Model Data . An ISO technical standard titled 8220Quality management system 8211 particular standards for the application of ISO 9001:2000 for automotive production and relevant service part organizations8221. This standard replaces QS-9000 and harmonizes requirements for automotive manufacturers internationally. InterTool Communications 8211 part of the CFI standards that enable applications to communicate events and data to each other at run time. ITC is the basis for achieving operations such as cross highlighting logic in both the front end schematic capture and board layout tools. see Joint Application Development A programming language developed by Sun Microsystems that can be run as a virtual machine on many computer platforms. Many applications such as product data management (PDM) and enterprise resource planning (ERP) are being re-architected to run certain processes using Java to make them widely available regardless of a user8217s platform. see Joint Development Model Joint Electron Device Engineering Council A Jig is a device that holds the workpiece securely in the correct positions and has the capability of guiding the tool during a manufacturing operation. Just-in-Time Production (See Lean Manufacturing) Joint Application Development Joint Application Development (JAD) was developed at IBM Canada in the 708217s. Joint Application DevelopmentDesign is a group session approach that stresses the communication between a multi-disciplinary group brought together for the express purpose of generating system requirements and preliminary design. Joint Development Model A model of partnership with an external manufacturer to jointly design a product that will be produced by that manufacturer. The responsibilities for development and the ownership of the intellectual property are negotiable. Joint Test Action Group 8211 the informal name for IEEEANSI Standard 1149.1-1990 which is a set of design rules for testing at the IC level. Japanese Union of Scientists and Engineers A Japanese term describing a process or philosophy of continuous, incremental improvement. Th Kano Model, developed by Dr. Noriaki Kano, further refined the notion of quality quality along two dimensions in contrast to the linear 8220good-bad8221 8220ok-not ok8221 dimension in existence all along. The two dimensions were: 1) The degree to which a product or service performs, and 2) The degree to which the user is satisfied. The correlation of quality on two axes further led to three unique definitions of quality, namely: Basic Quality, Performance Quality and Excitement Quality. see Knowledge-Based Engineering Known Good Die (integrated circuits) Kinematic Analysis is the analysis of motion without regard to forces that cause it. (Also see Dynamic Analysis.) Kinematic simulations show the physical positions of all the parts in an assembly with respect to the time as it goes through a cycle. 1000 Lines of Code Knowledge-Based Engineering is a set of design automation tools that capture design knowledge and rules to automate the design process. The overall management process to capture, organize, manage and disseminate knowledge in an organization to improve enterprise effectiveness by avoiding mistakes and avoiding the time to relearn needed knowledge. Since product development is very knowledge intensive, knowledge management offers tremendous leverage and opportunity for improvement. Key Process Input Variable (Six Sigma term) Key Process Output Variable (Six Sigma term) 1000 Source Lines of Code 1. A Laboratory is a test facility that may include chemical, metallurgical, dimensional, physical, electrical, reliability testing or test validation. 2. A Laboratory is a research facility that supports development and testing under controlled conditions. Local Area Network 1. For ICs, the process of floorplanning, implementing, and verifying the location of transistors and their connections within a chip design. 2. For PCBs, the process of entering, placing, routing, and verifying the location of physical components and their connections within a board design. see Life Cycle Analysis 1. see Life Cycle Cost 2. Leaded Chip Carrier 8211 a square chip carrier with pins on all four sides. Lower Control Limit is the lower limit used within statistical process control that define the constraints of common cause variations. When a parameter value falls below the lower control limit, it flags the occurrence of special causes contributing to variation. Lead Customers Users Lead customers or users are those customers or users who are the most advanced users of the product, customers who are pushing the product to its limits, or customers who are adapting an existing product(s) to new uses. Lead users are a good source of information on needs for a new type of product. Lead user research is the process of understanding lead users needs and potentially involving them in development. Lean Manufacturing is a operations philosophy that aims to synchronize production with demand, thereby minimizing inventory and cycle time. Lean Manufacturing is supported during product development with approaches such as robust design, mistake-proofing and standardization. Lean Product Development Lean Product Development is based on the application of the lean thinking principles to developing new products. This starts with defining what is of value to the customer, eliminating waste in the design of a new product by actions to achieve its target cost and making the product manufacturable. It also focuses on eliminating waste in the development process and making the value-creating steps flow with techniques such as pipeline management and pull scheduling. Finally, Lean Product Development requires organizing the right resources on the development team and empowering the team. The final step is to focus on learning, amplify learning across the organization, and continuously improving. Lessons Learned refers to specific lessons that are experienced, learned, and captured or knowledge that is gained during the execution of a project or activity. Lessons learned are captured and documented for others in the organization to learn from, use to improve their performance on a project, and avoid repeating with negative consequences. Level of Detail Level of Detail 8211 the ability to vary the amount of details displayed in a graphics image to improve performance. For instance, at a distance, models can appear as simple 3D figures, but as users zoom in, a more detailed representation is presented. Life Cycle Analysis Life Cycle Analysis is a method to assist with the quantification and evaluation of environmental burdens and impacts associated with product systems and activities, from the extraction of raw materials in the earth to end-of-life disposal. LCA is increasingly used by industries, governments and environmental groups to assist with decision making for environment-related strategies and materials selection. Life Cycle Cost Life Cycle Cost is the total cost to the customer of acquiring, operating, and disposing of a product system over its full life. These costs include development, acquisition, installation, training, operation, support, and disposal. A new product marketed by an organization that already has at least one other product being sold in that product or market area. Line extensions are usually new sizes, models, applications, performance levels, etc. Lines of Code (software) Localization involves customization of the the product, instructions, and the user interface for each local region in which it will be used, by using the local language and taking advantage of local conventions, standards, assumptions, and common defaults. See Internationalization. Low Rate Initial Production 1. Line Replaceable Unit (LRU) is synonomous with a with Field Replaceable Unit (see Field Replaceable Unit). A LRU is a modular component of any manufactured device that is designed to be replaced quickly at an operating location. 2. Lowest Replaceable Unit (see Field Replaceable Unit) Logistics Support Analysis 1. Mechanical Engineer 2. Manufacturing Engineer Mean Time Between Failures Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) is a measure of the reliability of a product or piece of equipment. It is equal to the number of failures in a given period divided by the total equipment uptime in that period. It represents the average time between failures for a repairable product for a defined unit of measure (e. g. operating hours, cycles, miles, etc.). Mean Time to Repair Mean Time to Repair (MTTR) is a measure of maintainability of a product or piece of equipment. It is equal to the total or the estimated downtime of the product or equipment in a given period divided by the number of failures or the number of repairs performed in that period. Micro-Electronic Mechanical Systems Materials, Energy amp Toxicity. A metric to measure environmental impact of a product. This metric was developed by developed by TNO, a research organization in The Netherlands. Milestone 8211 an important event representing the completion of a major work task or group of work tasks. Milestones are usually scheduled and can be used to measure progress. Reviews are often conducted upon the completion of a milestone. Mistake-Proofing 8211 improving product designs, tooling designs, or processes to prevent mistakes from being made or to quickly and easily detect or mitigate the effect of a mistake. Mistake proofing involves six principles: elimination, replacement, prevention, facilitation, detection, and mitigation (see mistake-proofing for examples). Synonymous with error-proofing and poka-yoke. A modular architecture (as opposed to an integral architecture) is a product architecture where 1) the physical building blocks (e. g. subsystems or subassemblies) perform one or a small number of functions in their entirety, 2) the interactions between the building blocks or interfaces are minimal, well-defined, and generally fundamental to the primary functions of the product, and 3) the building block elements are discrete, interchangeable and individually upgradeable. Modular Design consists of combining standardized building blocks or 8220modules8221 in a variety of ways to create unique finished products. Thus, even though the parts and assemblies may be standardized, the finished product is unique. Morphological analysis is used to identify the necessary product functionality and explore alternative means and combinations of achieving that functionality. For each element of product function, there may be a number of possible solutions. The morphological chart is prepared and used to develop alternative combinations of means to perform functions and each feasible combination represents a potential solution. Memorandum of Understanding Material Review Board 8211 a group that meets periodically within a company to review non-conforming materials and products to determine their disposition and use. see Orthogonal Array The term Object is used to mean a collection of attributes that represent either a physical or logical artifact. For example an Object can represent all the information required for an item or a drawing. The key feature of an Object is that it represents data that can be manipulated as a group, so copying an item Object copies all the attributes associated with the object in one action. Objects are specialized into Classes. An object representing a particular type of bolt, for example, could be in the Class of Objects called bolts. Objects have 8216methods8217. Methods are ways in which the object can be accessed, modified, displayed, etc. Another feature of Objects is inheritance. One class can be based upon another, the new class is called a subclass. The new class will inherit all the attributes of the other class. So you could have a class called bolt with attributes, length, thread type and pitch. You can then create a subclass called brass. The new class would inherit the attributes length, thread type and pitch from the bolt class and have a new attribute 8216brass8217. see Original Design Manufacturer see Original Equipment Manufacturer Object-Oriented Data Base Management System 1. Open innovation is the concept of looking beyond one8217s own organization for innovations, technology and intellectual property as a basis for products, services, and processes. It recognizes that in a world of widely distributed knowledge, companies cannot afford to rely entirely on their own research, but should instead buy or license processes or inventions (i. e. patents) from other companies. In addition, internal inventions not being used in a firm8217s business should be taken outside the company (e. g. through licensing, joint ventures, spin-offs). In contrast, closed innovation refers to processes that limit the use of internal knowledge within a company and make little or no use of external knowledge. 2. 8220Open innovation is the use of purposive inflows and outflows of knowledge to accelerate internal innovation, and expand the markets for external use of innovation, respectively. This paradigm assumes that firms can and should use external ideas as well as internal ideas, and internal and external paths to market, as they look to advance their technology.8221 (Chesbrough) The economic value of the benefit that is sacrificed when an alternative course of action is taken. Original Design Manufacturer Original Design Manufacturer 8211 An external manufacturer who assumes responsibility for the design, development and manufacture of a company8217s products. While the OEM defines requirements, may define elements of the architecture, and owns the intellectual property, the design and manufacture is done by the ODM. Original Equipment Manufacturer The manufacturer whose name goes on a product and who markets and supports the product. In the past, this was the organization that had the highest level of manufacturing, test, integration andor distribution responsibility in the supply chain. Increasingly, one or more of these activities are being outsourced to other manufacturers. On-going Reliability Testing A capability of 2D and 3D modeling systems in which the user defines dimensions and constraints to which the model must conform. Alterations are then automatically reflected in related areas. Parametric Cost Estimating A cost estimating methodology using statistical relationships between historical costs and project and product parameters gathered from similar, but different projects. This methodology typically uses parameters such as weight, power, lines-of-code, or other characteristics of the product or system to estimate or to scale the development cost, product cost andor schedule. System complexity and team maturity are also influencing factors. Pareto Analysis Diagram An analysisdiagramming technique using frequency of occurrence to identify and display results generated by each identified cause. This analysis is commonly used to decide where to apply initial effort for maximum effect. See Pareto Principal. The Pareto principle suggests that 20 of a set of independent variables is responsible for 80 of the result. In quantitative terms, for example, 80 of the problems come from 20 of the causes (machines, raw materials, operators etc.). Therefore, effort aimed at the right 20 can solve 80 of the problems. Classification of parts or other elements of a product by their geometry, material, function andor the processes used to manufacture them (see Group Technology). Part classification is used to find components or subassemblies to use in a product design and to aid in standardization efforts. A data model that contains the complete geometric and functional representation of a part and its characteristics. A comprehensive part model would also contain related analysis, configuration, manufacturing and support data. Participatory Design refers a democratic approach to design that encourages participation in the design process by a wide variety of stakeholders, such as: designers, developers, management, users, customers, salespeople, distributors, etc. The approach stresses making users not simply the subjects of user testing, but actually empowering them to be a part of the design and decision-making process. This is accomplished through direct involvement with the product development team on major projects for one or a small number or customers or through frequent customer or user review and feedback during the development process using mechanisms such as focus groups, web-based customer participation, usability studies, etc. Parts Library (ISO 13584) An international standard that will offer the capability for computer-sensible representation and exchange of part library data. Production Engineering and Planning A Perceptual Map is a visual method for comparing customer perceptions of different products considering two different characteristics of those products. It is used to show relationships between marketplace competitors and the criteria used by buyers in making purchase decisions and recommendations. Perceptual maps may be used for market segmentation, concept development and evaluation, and tracking changes in marketplace perceptions. see Program Evaluation and Review Technique see Process Failure Modes and Effects Analysis Physical Configuration Audit An engineering inspection of a configuration item (CI) to verify that the item 8220as-built8221 conforms to the 8220as-designed8221 documentation. Physics of Failure Analysis to determine the physical or chemical causes or mechanisms for the failure of electronic components or assemblies. The initial limited-quantity production of the production-ready version of the product design used to confirm readiness for large quantity production. Product Information Management. See Product Data Management Product Improvement Program Pipeline management is the process of managing new development projects that are currently in the pipeline (both proposed and approved). This addresses the management of capacity and resources to undertake the selected projects and the coordination of cross-functional resources to optimize throughput. The centerline spacing from one electronic device pin to another. Plated-Thru-Hole is a method of obtaining electrical connection between components and substrate (printed circuit board) by soldering component leads (or pins) inserted in plated through-holes. see Product Life Cycle Psychological Inertia is the tendency of persons to formulate opinions or attitudes, make decisions or seek known or familiar solutions to problems based on their current frame of reference, experience, and training. 1. see Plated-Thru-Hole 2. synonymous with Pin-Thru-Hole Pugh Concept Matrix The Pugh Concept Matrix is used to a) evaluate multiple design concepts and select the preferred concept alternative and b) synthesize the best elements of other concepts into an improved concept (which may be a hybrid or variant of the best of other concepts. The Pugh matrix is useful because it does not require a great amount of quantitative data on the design concepts, which generally is not available at this point in the process. Printed Wiring Board Printed Wiring Circuit Random Function Determination A value analysis methodology that list basic and secondary functions performed by a component or product in a verb-noun format. Rapid Application Development Rapid Application Development (RAD) is a way of developing a system by completing an initial working part of the system, and then incrementally adding to it every few months. Instead of waiting to finish the entire system, the system owners can put the system into use earlier. Development tools such as visual programming and computer-assisted software engineering help with RAD. 1. Rapid Prototyping refers to various technologies such as stereolithography and selective laser sintering that can rapidly create parts for visualization, product mock-ups, or functional product prototypes or produce rapid tooling to manufacture small to medium volumes of parts. Rapid prototyping or 3D printing processes involve devices, ranging from office modelers to four-ton machines, that accept 3D CAD files, slice the data into cross-sections, and construct layers from the bottom up, bonding one on top of the other, to produce physical prototypes. 2. More generally, it is the process of quickly generating prototypes or mockups of what a product system will look like. Rapid prototyping may be done with paper prototypes such as sketches, low-fidelity physical prototypes, CAD visualization, rapid application development, or video prototyping. Rapid Manufacturing refers to the use rapid prototyping technologies to directly manufacture low volumes of parts. Rapid Tooling refers to the use rapid prototyping technologies to fabricate tooling in a much shorter period of time than conventional tooling. Rapid tooling technologies include methods such as RTV molds, high-speed milling, centrifugal casting, etc. Root Cause and Corrective Action A statistical process control (SPC) chart that monitors the range (variability) of the process. A sample of parts is collected from the process periodically. The range (maximum minus minimum) of the sample is plotted on the control chart and a determination is made if the process is 8220under control8221 or not. Research and Development Rapid Decision-Making Practices Research, Development, Testing and Evaluation Recurring Cost, Recurring Expense or Recurring Production Cost The recurring cost of producing each unit a product. This would typically include direct materials, direct labor, direct process costs, allocated overhead, and any outside processing costs. The recurring cost is typically the basis for a target cost. Another term for these cost is Unit Production Cost (UPC). Register Transfer Level Register Transfer Level (RTL) 8211 a system definition described in terms of registers, switches (multiplexers), and operations. RTL design flow represents an advance in the EDA design process over gate-level design flow. The probability that an item will continue to function at customer expectation levels at a measurement point, under specified environmental and duty cycle conditions. British Standard Institute BS4778: The ability of an item to perform a required function under stated conditions for a stated period of time. A predictive tool used to estimate the 8220life8221 of a product. This is usually expressed in terms of hours as 8220mean time between failure8221 (MTBF). Reliability Prediction is the analysis of parts and components in an effort to predict the rate at which an item will fail. A reliability prediction is one of the most common forms of reliability analyses. A function, feature or capability that a product must provide or meet to satisfy the customer8217s needs and enterprise8217s objectives for a new product. See Product Requirement. Requirements Allocation Matrix Requirements Allocation Matrix is a matrix showing the allocation of a requirement (e. g. reliability, weight, cost) to various subsystems or subassemblies so that requirement can be accurately flowed-down and the satisfaction of the overall requirement can be tracked and managed. The determination of product-specific performance and functional characteristics based on analyses of: customer needs, expectations. and constraints operational concept projected utilization environments for people, products, and processes and measures of effectiveness. See Scope Creep The process of deriving and allocating requirements to all levels of system decomposition. Requirements Engineering can be defined as the systematic process of developing requirements through the process of analyzing the problem or need, documenting the resulting requirements to solve the problem or meet the need in a variety of representation formats, and checking the accuracy of the understanding gained. Requirements Engineering focuses on 8220what8221 needs to be designed. Requirements Engineering is not a one time activity but instead should be revisited at every stage of the development process to find out if the requirements have changed at all and if not are they being met. Requirements Management is the process of managing the initial development of requirements and the subsequent changes to requirements to assure that they address only what is needed or required of the product and that adequate consideration is given to tradeoffs in product cost, development cost, development schedule, and competitor actions. Requirements Management exercises control over the project scope to avoid scope creep and unnecessary or deferrable nice-to-have featurescapabilities. The evidence of an association between a requirement and its source, its implementation, and its verification. Return on Investment Return on Investment is a financial analysis technique which compares the expected return to the outlay or investment to determine a percentage of return. The point in the product life cycle that products are released for first sale to customers. Production is usually still at low rate, the customers that the product is sold to may need to meet certain requirements, and there may be special support capabilities provided to the product at this point. 1. Reverse Engineering is the process of capturing the geometry of existing physical objects and then using the data obtained as a foundation for designing a duplicate of the original or an entirely new adaptation. Other terms include Digital Shape Sampling and Processing (DSSP), 3D Scanning, 3D Data Capture, and Optical Scanning. 2.Reverse engineering refers to the procedure of carefully dismantling and inspecting a competitors product to look for design features that can be incorporated into ones own product. Request for Proposal Request for Quotation A management process consisting of identification, assessment, mitigation, and management of all project, technical and market risks using formal tools and methods. Risk Priority Number Risk Priority Number (RPN) is used in FMEA analysis to rank the importance of different types of failure. RPN Severity x Occurrence x Detection Reliability and Maintainability Design of the product in a manner to desensitize the product to variation including misuse and increase the probability that it will perform as intended. The condition of a product or process where its operating parameters remain relatively stable with a minimum of variation even though factors which influence operation or usage. such as wear or environment, change. see Return on Investment A root cause is an antecedent source of a defect such that if it is removed, the defect is decreased or removed itself. Root Cause Analysis Root Cause Analysis Study of original reason for nonconformance with a process. When the root cause is removed or corrected, the nonconformance will be eliminated. Root Sum of Squares Root Sum of Squares (RSS) is a tolerancing method that makes use of RSS to determine the best tolerance limits. RSS assumes that the print tolerance equals - 3 standard deviation limits and part nominal equals print nominal. This analysis exploits the manufacturing probability that a part is not always at its minimum or maximum value. It does not take into account process mean shifts (tool wear) and assumes the process is always centered. See Rapid Prototyping The sum of products and services to be provided as part of a project. The tendency for project requirements to grow over time, usually resulting in huge, unmanageable projects. As some projects progress, especially through development, requirements continuously change incrementally, causing the developer to add to the work scope with consequent increases in the time and budget required. Synonymous with requirements creep. Screening is the process of evaluating and selecting new product ideas or concepts for development. These evaluation criteria include fit with company strategy, fit with other productsproduct lines, fit with customers and markets, profitability, growth, risk, investment requirements, technical capabilities, core competencies, etc. see Software Configuration Management A graphical representation of costs, hours, technological progress and other factors. The name is derived from the S-like shape of the curve that is flatter at the beginning, accelerates sharply, and then tails-off. As it relates to technology, the S-Curve is flat when the technology is first invented (technology performance improves slowly and incrementally). Then, as experience with a new technology accrues, the rate of performance increase grows and technology performance increases by leaps and bounds. Finally, some of the performance limits of a new technology start to be reached and performance growth slows. Analysis of of modes of operation unanticipated during design that result in unexpected system behavior and potential failure. Soft Systems Methodology Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) assumes differing viewpoints between individuals regarding a problem. It tries to move toward consensual action between these conflicting views. SSM is a goal-driven, iterative process with a philosophy of continual improvement for which process is more important than the result. SSM requires a facilitator to provide an unbiased viewpoint and is indicated for use when the facing a complex, organizational problem. SSM is useful for providing a structure for understanding complex programs. Software Architecture refers to the high-level structure of software systems. The architecture of a software system identifies a set of components that collaborate to achieve the system goals. The architecture specifies the 8220externally visible8221 properties of the component, i. e. those assumptions other components can make of a component, such as its provided services, performance characteristics, fault handling, shared resource usage, etc. It also specifies the relationships among the components and how they interact. Software Configuration Management Software Configuration Management (SCM) is the specialization of Configuration Management (see Configuration Management) for software systems over their lifecycle. A set of activities that results in software products. Software development may include new development, modification, reuse, re-engineering, maintenance, or any other activities that result in software products. Software Development Plan A Software Development Plan (SDP) is a document describing a developer8217s plans, process and methodology for conducting software development. That field within computer science responsible for the establishment and use of sound engineering principles and methods in order to economically obtain reliable and functional software. Software Quality Assurance The process, procedures and controls to ensure that software produced can be verified to meet the requirements and specifications and, ultimately, the user8217scustomer8217s needs. A geometric modeling method that completely and unambiguously describes both the exterior and interior of a part or assembly in three dimensions (geometry, topology and mass properties). Society of Logistics Engineers The determination of sources from which goods andor services may be obtained to meet the needs of a new product during development and production. see Statement of Work 1. Statistical Process Control 2. Software Productivity Consortium Special Causes (of variation) Special Causes are causes of variation in output from a manufacturing process or system of procedures that is not due to the inherent operation of the process or system itself (common causes), but is due to the intrusion into the system of a one-time or external cause of variation. One-time or external causes do not spring from the system, and so are preventable 8211 i. e. their occurrence can be prevented. Consequently, the reason for each special cause must be investigated and steps then taken to see that it does not occur again. The presence of a special cause of variation must be determined statistically. This is done by knowing that variation in output due to common causes follows a regular pattern corresponding to the Normal curve 8211 i. e. with an average and a deviation on either side of the average within three standard deviations. Variation due to a special cause results in a performance outside these statistical limits. Product and process characteristics designated by the customer governmental, regulatory or safety agencies andor the supplier through knowledge of the product or process. 1. The document that prescribes the requirements with which the product or service has to conform. 2. As used with QFD, Specifications are the particular measures or metrics to define a product requirement. Synonymous with target value in this context. 3. Specifications are boundaries, usually set by management, engineering, or customers, within which a system must operate. They are sometimes called engineering tolerances. Spiral Development Model The Spiral Development Model combines the Waterfall Development Model (see Waterfall Development Model) and the prototype approach. It consists of a series of partial implementations or releases of the product. This approach is useful when the risks are significant, there is a needopportunity to field a partial system in a short amount of time, and the requirements are not completely understood or can change over time. Key assumptions with the Spiral Development Model are a) the initial release is sufficient to key system stakeholders that they will continue to participate in its evolution b) the architecture of the initial release is scalable to accommodate the full set of system life cycle requirements c) and the userscustomers are sufficiently flexible to adapt to the pace of system evolution. see Software Quality Assurance A portion or phase of the product development process with a clear objective of milestone that ends with a stage-gate review before authority is granted to proceed with the next stage or phase. Stage-Gates or phase gates refer to management reviews or decision gates that are structured at key points in the development process (typically at the end of one stagephase or before the start of the next development stagephase) to review the opportunitydevelopment effort, assess it from a business perspective and determine whether it is worthy to continue development or to kill the project. A widely employed product development process that divides the development effort into distinct time-sequenced stages or phases separated by management decision gates. Product teams must successfully complete a prescribed set of related activities in each stage prior to obtaining management approval to proceed to the next stage of product development. The framework of the Stage-Gate process includes work-flow and decision-flow paths and defines the supporting systems and practices necessary to ensure the processs ongoing smooth operation. Standard Cost is the predetermined or planned cost of manufacturing a single unit or of providing a single unit of service. It represents a goal or baseline that is used to project cost, based on experience andor analysis. Standardization or parts, materials, modules and assemblies makes possible the interchangeability of these items among products, resulting in higher volume production and purchasing, lower investment in inventory, easier purchasing and material handling, fewer quality inspections, and less difficulties in production. Statement of Work Statement of Work is a narrative description of products and services to be supplied under contract or as part of a project. Standard for the Exchange of Product Model Data (ISO 10303) 8211 An international product data standard to provide an complete, unambiguous, computer-interpretable definition of the physical and functional characteristics of a product throughout its life cycle. A rapid prototyping (RP) process, introduced in 1987 by 3D Systems Inc. which launched the RP industry. A Stereolithography Apparatus (SLA) machine builds physical models in this manner: it focuses an ultraviolet (UV) light onto the surface of a vat filled with liquid photopolymer. The light beam, moving under computer control, draws each layer of an object onto the surface of the liquid. Wherever the beam strikes the surface, liquid changes to solid. 3D parts are built from the bottom up, one layer at a time when the part is finished, it is exposed to UV light for curing. A product portfolio management approach in which management allocates scarce resources across strategic dimensions to buskets such as geographical areas, business units, markets, types of development projects (e. g. new products, upgrades, line extensions, platform development), etc. Structured Analysis and Structured Design Structured Analysis and Structured Design (SASD) is composed of two parts 8211 Structured Analysis and Structured Design. Structured Analysis is composed of an Essential Model, an Environmental Model, a Behavioural Model and lastly an Implementation model. The Essential Model is a model of what the system must do, the Environmental model defines the scope and interaction between the system and the world. The Behavioural Model specifies the required behaviour of the system so that it can interact with it8217s environment. Lastly, the implementation model implements the system. The Structured Design section is divided into three levels. The Processor Model assigns processes to processes. The Task Model assigns processes and data to tasks. Lastly, the Program Implementation Model is an internal definition of individual tasks. Structured Design breaks up the program into a hierarchy of modules with a computer program as the result. Structured Systems Analysis Structured Systems Analysis uses process and data perspective to analyze, develop and document the requirements of a system. Structured Systems Analysis uses dataflow diagrams, entity relationship diagrams, data dictionaries to communicate with designers and describe the requirements. Substance Field Analysis Substance Field Analysis (or Su-Field Analysis) is a TRIZ methodology used to model a system in terms of substances or objects which interact through field such as a force. According to the model, a problem is viewed as incomplete or harmful and can be solved by correcting the model and applying the analogous correction to the system. A supplier becomes 8220certified8221 when it has delivered parts with perfect quality over a pre-specified time period (say six months). At that point, inspection is no longer needed. A supplier is 8220qualified8221 when a customer when it has been determined that the supplier is capable of providing a part. Technology roadmaps of the suppliers current and future product and process technology capabilities. These are typically represented in tabular or graphic form over time to aid in the selection of the appropriate product or process technology for a new product. Supply Chain Management The procurement, stocking and distribution of components, subassemblies and products throughout the design, manufacturing, and distribution stages, ensuring that the correct components, subassemblies and products are delivered to their appropriate destination at the proper time, the lowest overall cost, and acceptable quality levels. A 3D modeling technique to describe geometry by its surfaces. This is typically used where surface shape is critical such as the design of auto body panels and aerostructures and industrial design. Surface Mount Technology Surface Mount Technology (SMT) is a method of attaching electrical components directly to a board substrate rather than through a plated hole. Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats Analysis 8211 a process where by a group of people determine: a) what strengths do we have (how can we take advantage of them) b) what weaknesses do we have (how can we minimize them) c) what opportunities are there (how can we capitalize on them) d) what threats might prevent us from getting there (consider technical obstacles, competitive responses, values of people within the organization, etc.). For every obstacle identified, what can we do to overcome or get around it (This helps to develop contingency plans.) Synthesis is an EDA process which reads a high-level electronic design description and implements it at a lower level of abstraction. Legacy synthesis tools produce a gate-level implementation, at which point the design netlist is handed off to the IC layout process. More recent developments have synthesis becoming more tightly integrated with the IC layout process in order to better achieve convergence of goals such as timing. The process of designing a system that comprises the interaction and integration of subsystems and subassemblies into a single system that performs an intended function. The sub-assemblies can consist of electrical, mechanical, optical, software, and other components to achieve overall functionality. Systems engineering is the process of specifying the system requirements, allocating the system requirements to the hardware and software components, specifying the interfaces between the hardware and software components, and monitoring the design and development of these components to ensure conformance with their specifications. Systems engineering transforms an operational need into a description of system performance parameters and a system configuration through the use of an iterative process (e. g. definition, syntheses, analysis, design, test and evaluation, etc.) integrates related technical parameters and assure compatibility of all physical, functional, and program interfaces in a manner which optimizes the total system definition and design and integrates reliability, maintainability, safety, human, and other such factors into the total engineering effort. The successive combining and testing of hardware and software system components in a prescribed manner to prove compatibility and performance. System Integration Team A System Integration Team is a higher-level IPT (see Integrated Product Team) used in a larger program which flows down requirements and workscope in individual IPT8217s, monitors and coordinates their activities from a technical perspective, resolves interface and integration issues, and redirects technical activities when required to assure that the development work is accomplished to meet the overall system requirements. System Requirements Review System Requirements Review (SRR) is a design review at which the system requirements document is reviewed and approved. This review determines which needs of the total user requirements statement will be satisfied by the proposed project. (Digital Circuits) Translation and optimization of an hardware description language specification into a gate-level implementation. Test, Analyze and Fix Test Access Port A quality engineering methodology developed by Genichi Taguchi that includes off-line quality control, on-line quality control, and system of experimental design to reduce costs and improve quality. Taguchi methods are not just a statistical application of design of experiments. Taguchi methods include the integration of statistical design of experiments into a powerful engineering process. The goal is not just to optimize an arbitrary objective function, but also to reduce the sensitivity of engineering designs to uncontrollable factors or noise. This moves design targets toward the middle of the design space so that external variation affects the behavior of the design as little as possible. This permits large reductions in both part and assembly tolerances, which are major drivers of anufacturing cost. Also see Design of Experiments. A market-driven strategy and process that begins with what price a product can sell for in the marketplace to achieve a desired sales volumes. Target cost is then calculated by subtracting the desired profit margin from this target price. The target cost is treated as an independent variable that must be satisfied along with other customer requirements rather than the result of design decisions (dependent variable). This cost would be considered the unit production cost that is expected to be achieved during a mature production stage. Depending on the definition, it may or may not include warranty costs and selling, general and administrative costs. Thermal Coefficient of Expansion Technical Data Package A Team is a small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable. Characteristics of high-performing teams include: a shared, elevating vision or goal, a sense of team identity, a results-driven structure, competent team members, a commitment to the team, mutual trust, interdependence among team members, effective communication, a sense of autonomy, a sense of empowerment, small team size, and a high level of enjoyment The process of influencing a group of diverse individuals, each with their own goals, needs, and perspectives, to work together effectively for the good of the project such that their team will accomplish more than the sum of their individual efforts could otherwise achieve. A Team Charter is a brief written document used to define the mission and objectives of the team. The charter typically includes a statement of mission, objectives or statement of work background authority, boundary conditions (scope, constraints, resources, and schedule) membership high-level requirements or specifications, and interface responsibilities. A tabular or graphic representation of technology plans mapped against time to guide the selection and use of technology in new product development or represent the technology embodied in future products. Technology Transfer is the process of transferring research and technology from laboratories, government and outside organizations into the enterprise for practical application in new products. The characteristic of a product8217s design that facilitates it8217s testing during developmentqualification, in production, and in the field. A Test Plan identifies the test objectives and details the activities required to achieve these test objectives. The stimulus, measurement, power, loads and any special test equipment or procedure essential to validate proper operation of a device or some predetermined design control or product specification definition. see Test and Evaluation Theory of Inventive Problem Solving Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (Russian acronym is TRIZ) is a structured methodology developed by Genrich Altshuller for problem solving and innovation based on analysis and codification of technology solutions from millions of patents. Time Box or Time-Boxing Time box or time-boxing refers to a technique for setting interim or end-date goal for a project and the project scope (e. g. list of features in priority order to account for the time available), approach, and plan for achieving the deadline. Time Compression Technologies Time Compression Technologies 8211 technologies to support the product development process, that when effectively integrated into the process, offers opportunity for significant reductions in cycle time. These include CAD, CAE, CAM, PDM and rapid prototyping. 1. Time-to-Market is the cycle time of product development from conception of a new product to initial sale of the new product. 2. Time-to-Market is the dimension of strategy focused on getting products to market quickly as the basis of competition. see Theory of Inventive Problem Solving TL 9000 is a quality management standard for the telecommunications industry built on ISO 9000. Its purpose is to define the requirements for the design, development, production, delivery, installation and maintenance of products and services. Included are cost and performance based measurements that measure reliability and quality performance of the products and services. Tape Layering Machine 1. see Taguchi Methods 2. Technical Manual Tolerance is the upper and lower limits of some dimension or parameter relating to a component part, material or assembly which an actual item must comply with in order for it to be acceptable in procurement or manufacturing. The difference between the upper and lower tolerance is the tolerance spread. Tolerance Design is a step in the design process (following parameter design) where the determination is made of how much variation is acceptable with a design parameter that will still allow the satisfactory functioning of the product to meet the customer8217s needs. Often tolerance design is not adequately considered, and the designer merely specifies standard tolerances which may be inadequate or overstated. Top-Down Design is a design methodology whereby an entire design is decomposed into its major components, and then these components are further decomposed into their major components, etc. The constraints are established early in the design flow, and then are passed on and adhered to by the back-end processes. Trade-off Analysis is the process of making decisions when each choice has both advantages and disadvantages. In a simple tradeoff, it may be enough to list each alternative and the pros and cons. For more complicated decisions, list the decision criteria and weight them. Determine how each option rates on each of the decision score and compute a weighted total score for each option. The option with the best score is the preferred option. Decision trees may be used when options have uncertain outcomes. Test Requirements Specification Language (proposed IEEE standard) Validation is the process of ensuring that the product conforms to defined user needs, requirements, andor specifications under defined operating conditions. Design validation is performed on the final product design with parts that meet design intent. Production validation is performed on the final product design with parts that meet design intent produced with production processes intended for normal production. Value Analysis 8211 an effort to analyze systems and designs to satisfy needed user requirements at sufficient quality (functions) at an optimum cost (maximize value). 1. Value Engineering is a structured methodology for applying value analysis or function analysis to increase customer or user value. 2. A formal technique to eliminate, without impairing essential functions or characteristics, anything that unnecessarily increases the cost of a product. It is a disciplined system for accomplishing the functions that the customer needs and wants at the lowest cost. A multi-part strategy to reduce product variation and make a product more robust or fit to use through design of experiments, design within process capabilities, and process improvement. A capability of 2D and 3D modeling systems in which the user defines a model by dimensions and constraints, which are then solved by a series of simultaneous equations to create and modify geometry. A product data management (PDM) system data storage areas or databases. Information stored in PDM system vaults is controlled by system rules and processes. Verband der Automobilindustrie (German product data exchange standard) see Value Engineering Value Engineering Change Proposal 1. Confirmation by examination and provision of objective evidence that specified requirements have been fulfilled. 2. Verification is the process of evaluating a system or component to determine whether the products of a given phase satisfy the conditions imposed at the start of that phase. (IEEE) 3. The process of verifying the functional and performance requirements of a design, be it a chip, board, or system. Many different kinds of verification tools are in use today, including simulation, formal verification, various types of physical analysis tools, emulation, and rapid prototyping. Most design verification strategies employ many or all of these approaches to assure the reliability of the final product prior to its manufacture. Hardware description language similar to VHDL (IEEE Standard 1364) The version of an object or product structure is used to distinguish between the changes made to the different object or structure as it changes during its lifecycle VHSIC Hardware Description Language (IEEE Standard 1076-1987, ANSI Standard 1076-1988) 8211 A computer language that provides designers with ability to model computer-simulatable descriptions of digital electronics, to communicate logical and physical interconnection between the models created, and to exchange the resulting digital electronic product data among different organizations. see Hardware Description Language. VHSIC Hardware Description Language-Analog Very High Speed Integrated Circuit The term Virtual Customer refers to the use of technology and, more-specifically, web-based tools to gather customer input and feedback throughout the product development process to better understand and address customer needs. Virtual Prototyping refers to the use of numerical analysis tools to analyze a design instead of building and testing a physical prototype. Technology that enables users to 8220enter8221 and navigate through a computer-generated 3D environment. It allows users to change their viewpoint and interact with objects created in the environment in a way that mimics the real world. VHDL Initiative Toward ASIC Libraries (IEEE 1076) 8211 standards for back annotation, timing, and high-performance primitives for the purpose of speeding the introduction of ASIC libraries. A name given to a particular form of presentation of the project life cycle. Rather than being broken into distinct periods of controlled phases, all activities appear as one long hierarchical succession. A statement or promise made to the customer that a product being offered for sale is fit for the purpose being claimed. The promise concerns primarily what the seller will do if the product performs below expectations or turns out to be defective in some way. The promise (warranty) may be full (complete protection) or limited (some corrective steps), under terms of the Magnuson-Moss Act of 1975. Waterfall Development Model Waterfall Development Model undertakes the development of the entire system in a series of development phases and activities. This approach assumes the following: a) the requirements are knowable in advance of implementation b) the requirements have no unresolved, high-risk implications c) the nature of the requirements will not change very much during development d) the right architecture for implementing the requirements is well understood and e) there is enough calendar time to proceed sequentially. The projects using the Waterfall Development Model are checked for proper execution and quality through validation of entry requirements and exit criteria at each phase. This model contrasts with the Spiral Development Model (see Spiral Development Model). IEEE test language which provides a standard representation for stimulus and response data in support of the design and test of digital devices. see Work Breakdown Structure A failure distribution that is very useful in reliability activities because it can be used to model many other life distributions. By adjusting the beta factor, or shape parameter, of the Weibull distribution, it can be made to model a decreasing, constant, or increasing hazard rate. The Weibull distribution provides reasonably accurate failure analysis and failure forecasts with extremely small samples. Work Breakdown Structure Work Breakdown Structure is a hierarchical tree structure decomposing a project into activities and sub-activities to help define and control the project and its elements of work. Workflow Systems Workflow Management Systems Workflow Systems are systems to support the coordination, communication and control of business processes by means of information technology for the purpose of improving and better managing these processes. Workflow Systems automate a business process, in whole or part, during which documents, information or tasks are passed from one participant to another for action, according to a set of procedural rules. A geometric model that describes 3D geometry by outlining its edges, similar to a 8220stick figure8221. Worst Case Tolerance Analysis Worst Case Tolerance Analysis 8211 The assembly tolerance is determined by summing the component tolerances linearly. Each component dimension is assumed to be at its maximum or minimum limit, resulting in the worst possible assembly limits. It is a very conservative approach to tolerance analysis and is not the best approach to tolerancing since that it caters to combinations that are extremely unlikely, rather than focusing on a more probabilistic approach. X-Bar Chart A quality control chart that monitors the mean of the process. A sample of n parts is collected from the process every so many parts or time periods. The mean of the sample is plotted on the control chart and a determination is made if the process is 8220under control8221 or not. see Extreme Programming